The effect of gamification on performance with the mediation of motivation and employee engagement
Keywords:
Gamification, Performance, Motivation, Employee EngagementAbstract
This study aims to analyze the effect of gamification, motivation, and employee engagement on performance through an explanatory research design with a quantitative methodology. The population of this study consisted of 76 respondents working at digital start-ups based in Malang City, like Gojek, Grab, and Shopee, with a minimum work experience of one year. Questionnaires and documentation employing a Likert scale were used to collect data, which was later analyzed using SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Modeling). The findings indicate that gamification alone does not directly influence performance levels. However, motivation is crucial in directly affecting performance and mediates the connection between gamification and performance. Conversely, employee engagement does not effectively mediate the relationship between gamification and performance and has no discernible impact on performance levels. These findings suggest that company managers and other stakeholders should consider motivating factors, particularly extrinsic motivation, to improve employee performance. Implementing strategies such as providing additional pay, external incentives, bonuses, and competitive salary packages can effectively boost employee motivation and improve work performance.
Downloads
References
Albrech, S. L. (2010). Handbook of Employee Engagement: Perspectives, Issues, Research and Practice. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Human Resource Management International Digest (Vol. 19, Issue 7). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.1108/hrmid.2011.04419gaa.019
AlMadi, N., & AlBalawi, W. (2015). Proposed Framework for Measuring Enterprise Gamification Impact on Employees’ Performance: ABANA Enterprises Group Company Case Study. Journal of Management and Strategy, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.5430/jms.v6n4p50
Attali, Y., & Arieli-Attali, M. (2015). Gamification in assessment: Do points affect test performance? Computers and Education, 83, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.12.012
Barata, G., Gama, S., Jorge, J., & Gonçalves, D. (2017). Studying student differentiation in gamified education: A long-term study. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 550–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.049
Basit, A., Hassan, Z., Omar, N., & Sethu, S. (2021). Gamification : A Tool To Enhance Employee Engagement And Performance. 4(July), 1–23.
Benitez, J., Ruiz, L., & Popovic, A. (2022). Impact of mobile technology-enabled HR gamification on employee performance: An empirical investigation. Information and Management, 59(4), 103647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103647
Cardador, M. T., Northcraft, G. B., & Whicker, J. (2017). A theory of work gamification: Something old, something new, something borrowed, something cool? Human Resource Management Review, 27(2), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.014
Cascio, W. F. (1992). Acetate Transparency Program to Accompany Managing Human Resources. McGraw Hill.
Denny, P. (2013). The effect of virtual achievements on student engagement. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 763–772. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470763
Dornyei, Z., & Otto, I. (1998). Motivation in action: A process model of L2 motivation. Working Papers in Applied Linguistics, 4, 43–69. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39/
Elbaz, A. M., & Gomaa, M Agag. (2017). How ability, motivation and opportunity influence travel agents performance: the moderating role of absorptive capacity. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 10(March 2017), 1–17. http://www.tlainc.com/jkmp.htm
Groening, C., & Binnewies, C. (2019). “Achievement unlocked!” - The impact of digital achievements as a gamification element on motivation and performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 97(March 2019), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.026
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Hakulinen, L., Auvinen, T., & Korhonen, A. (2013). Empirical study on the effect of achievement badges in TRAKLA2 online learning environment. Proceedings - 2013 Learning and Teaching in Computing and Engineering, LaTiCE 2013, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/LaTiCE.2013.34
Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., & Sarsa, H. (2014). Does gamification work? - A literature review of empirical studies on gamification. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 3025–3034. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.377
Hamza, I., SAROLTA, L., & SHATILA, K. (2022). The Effect of Gamification on Employee Behavior: The Mediating Effects of Culture and Engagement. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business(JAFEB), 9(5), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2022.VOL9.NO5.213
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., Agrawal, S., Plowman, S. K., & Blue, A. (2016). The relationship between engagement at work and organizational outcomes: 2016Q12 Meta-analys. In Gallup (Vol. 43, Issue February). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579979
Hersey, P. B., & Blanchard, K. (1993). Management of Organizational Behaviour: Utilizing Human Resources. Prentice Hall.
Huotari, K., & Hamari, J. (2012). Defining gamification - A service marketing perspective. Proceedings of the 16th International Academic MindTrek Conference 2012: “Envisioning Future Media Environments”, MindTrek 2012, 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1145/2393132.2393137
Ismail, H. N., Iqbal, A., & Nasr, L. (2019). Employee engagement and job performance in Lebanon: the mediating role of creativity. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(3), 506–523. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-02-2018-0052
Jabagi, N., Croteau, A. M., Audebrand, L. K., & Marsan, J. (2019). Gig-workers’ motivation: thinking beyond carrots and sticks. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(4), 192–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2018-0255
Jung, J. H., Schneider, C., & Valacich, J. (2010). Enhancing the motivational affordance of information systems: The effects of real-time performance feedback and goal setting in group collaboration environments. Management Science, 56(4), 724–742. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1090.1129
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions Of Personal Engagement And Disengagement At Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.36.2607
Kapp, K. M. (2012). The Gamification of Learning and Instruction: Game-Based Methods and Strategies for Training and Education. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 4(4), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgcms.2012100106
Kiruja, E. (2013). Effect of Motivation on Employee Performance In Public Middle Level Technical Training Institutions In Kenya. Managementjournal.Info, 2(4), 73–82. http://www.managementjournal.info/abstract.php?id=383
Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., Weibel, A., Dysvik, A., & Nerstad, C. G. L. (2017). Do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation relate differently to employee outcomes? Journal of Economic Psychology, 61, 244–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.05.004
Landers, R. N., & Armstrong, M. B. (2015). Enhancing instructional outcomes with gamification: An empirical test of the Technology-Enhanced Training Effectiveness Model. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.031
Langton, N., Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2019). Fundamentals of organizational behaviour. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (5 th, Issue 9). pearson.
Leite, R. M. C., Costa, D. B., Neto, H. M. M., & Durão, F. A. (2016). Gamification technique for supporting transparency on construction sites: A case study. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 23(6), 801–822. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2015-0196
Lister, M. (2016). Gamification: The effect on student motivation and performance at the post-secondary level. Issues and Trends in Educational Technology, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_itet_v3i2_lister
Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. M., & Young, S. a. (2009). Employee Engangement: Tools for Analysis, Practice, and Competitive Advantage. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/2008054917
Mekler, E. D., Brühlmann, F., Tuch, A. N., & Opwis, K. (2015). Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.048
Mekler, E. D., Tuch, A. N., Brühlmann, F., & Opwis, K. (2013). Disassembling Gamification: The Effects of Points and Meaning on User Motivation and Performance. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2013-April, 1137–1142. https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2468559
Mitchell, R., Schuster, L., & Jin, H. S. (2018). Gamification and the impact of extrinsic motivation on needs satisfaction: Making work fun? Journal of Business Research, 106(November 2017), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.022
Mohanty, S., & Christopher, B. P. (2023). A study on role of gamification elements in training outcomes: comparing the mediating effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Learning Organization, 30(4), 480–500. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-08-2022-0098/FULL/XML
Mughal, M. U. (2020). The Impact of Leadership, Teamwork and Employee Engagement on Employee Performances. Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies, 05(03), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjbms.2020.v05i03.008
Nawawi, H. H. (2016). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia: untuk bisnis yang kompetitif (9 th). Gadjah Mada University Press.
Nazir, O., & Islam, J. U. (2017). Enhancing organizational commitment and employee performance through employee engagement: An empirical check. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-04-2016-0036
Pang, K., & Lu, C.-S. (2018). Organizational motivation, employee job satisfaction and organizational performance. Maritime Business Review, 3(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/mabr-03-2018-0007
Passalacqua, M., Léger, P. M., Nacke, L. E., Fredette, M., Labonté-Lemoyne, É., Lin, X., Caprioli, T., & Sénécal, S. (2020). Playing in the backstore: interface gamification increases warehousing workforce engagement. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 120(7), 1309–1330. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-08-2019-0458/FULL/PDF
Perryer, C., Celestine, N. A., Scott-Ladd, B., & Leighton, C. (2016). Enhancing workplace motivation through gamification: Transferrable lessons from pedagogy. International Journal of Management Education, 14(3), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2016.07.001
Robbins, S. P. (2000). Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. In New Jersey.
Robson, K., Plangger, K., Kietzmann, J. H., McCarthy, I., & Pitt, L. (2016). Game on: Engaging customers and employees through gamification. Business Horizons, 59(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2015.08.002
Rodrigues, L., Toda, A. M., Oliveira, W., Palomino, P. T., Avila-Santos, A. P., & Isotani, S. (2021). Gamification Works, but How and to Whom? 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1145/3408877.3432419
Routledge, H. (2016). Why Games Are Good For Business: How to Leverage the Power of Serious Games, Gamifi cation and Simulations. In PALGRAVE MACMILLAN (1th ed.). PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-44898-9
Sailer, M., Hense, J., Mandl, H., & Klevers, M. (2014). Psychological perspectives on motivation through gamification. In Interaction Design and Architecture(s) (Vol. 19, Issue 1).
Sailer, M., Hense, J. U., Mayr, S. K., & Mandl, H. (2017). How gamification motivates: An experimental study of the effects of specific game design elements on psychological need satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 371–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.033
Sarangi, S., & Shah, S. (2015). Individuals, teams and organizations score with gamification: Tool can help to motivate employees and boost performance. Human Resource Management International Digest, 23(4), 24–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/HRMID-05-2015-0074
Seixas, L. D. R., Gomes, A. S., & Filho, I. J. D. M. (2016). Effectiveness of gamification in the engagement of students. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.021
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Bussiness A Skill-Bulding Approach. 1–447. www.wiley.com
Sengupta, M., & Sengupta, N. (2015). Gamification: The New Mantra for Optimizing Employee and Organizational Performance. Contemporary Research in Management: Volume IV, 127–148. http://sdmimd.ac.in/SDMRCMS/articles/Gamification.pdf
Silic, M., & Back, A. (2017). Impact of Gamification on User’s Knowledge-Sharing Practices: Relationships between Work Motivation, Performance Expectancy and Work Engagement. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017), 1308–1317. https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2017.156
Sinambela, L. P. (2012). Kinerja Pegawai Teori Pengukuran dan Implikasi. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Sjöberg, D., & Karp, S. (2012). Video–based Debriefing Enhances Reflection, Motivation and Performance for Police Students in Realistic Scenario Training. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2816–2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.570
Stolovitch, H. D., & Keeps, E. J. (1992). Handbook of human performance technology: A comprehensive guide for analyzing and solving performance problems in organizations. Pfeiffer.
Suh, A., Wagner, C., & Liu, L. (2016). Enhancing User Engagement through Gamification. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 58(3), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2016.1229143
van der Kolk, B., van Veen-Dirks, P. M. G., & ter Bogt, H. J. (2019). The Impact of Management Control on Employee Motivation and Performance in the Public Sector. European Accounting Review, 28(5), 901–928. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2018.1553728
Van Iddekinge, C. H., Aguinis, H., Mackey, J. D., & DeOrtentiis, P. S. (2018). A Meta-Analysis of the Interactive, Additive, and Relative Effects of Cognitive Ability and Motivation on Performance. Journal of Management, 44(1), 249–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317702220
Whitmore, J. (2009). Coaching for Performance Fourth Edition (4th ed.). Nicholas Brealey.
Wijaya, A. (2019). Metode Penelitian Menggunakan Smart PLS 03. Innosain.
